The central air conditioning installation and these doorways? Don't let the air conditioner "beat" your house!

梁

beam

梁承托着建筑物上部构架中的构件及屋面的全部重量，是建筑上部构架中最为重要的部分。梁一般水平放置，用来支撑板并承受板传来的各种竖向荷载和梁的自重， 梁和板共同组成建筑的楼面和屋面结构。作为抗震设计的重要构件，起着第一道防线的作用。（来源于百度百科）

The girder is the most important part of the upper part of the building. The beam is generally placed horizontally, used to support the plate and to bear the various vertical loads and the weight of the beam. Liang Heban is a joint building of the building floor and roof structure. As an important component of seismic design, it acts as the first line of defense. (from Baidu Encyclopedia)

我们现在居住的楼房一般都是钢筋混凝土梁（以下简称“梁”），那么梁中最主要的结构功能就体现在其中的钢筋。而钢筋结构也就是我们接下来要讨论的重点。因为它（钢筋结构）关系到打梁打孔的合理位置。

The buildings in which we live are usually reinforced concrete beams (hereinafter referred to as "beams"), and the most important structural function in the beam is reflected in the steel bar. And the reinforcement structure is the key point that we will discuss next. Because it (steel structure) is related to the reasonable location of beam punching.

以上图为例，横梁是否可以打孔？如果可以打孔，打多大的孔？在什么部位打孔比较合理呢？ 带着这些问题，我们先了解一下横梁的结构吧！

For example, is it possible to punch a beam? If you can punch, how big is it? In what part of the hole is more reasonable? With these questions, let's first understand the structure of beams.

横梁的结构

The structure of the beam

横梁之中包含3种不同作用的主要钢筋，分别为纵筋（大家喜欢叫它主筋），箍筋和腰筋

There are 3 main reinforcing bars in the cross beam, namely the longitudinal reinforcement (everyone likes to call it the main reinforcement), the stirrups and the waist bars.

纵筋，一般指纵向钢筋，是平行于混凝土构件纵轴方向所配置的钢筋。纵筋多为受力钢筋，主要在构件中承受拉力。

Longitudinal reinforcement, generally referred to as longitudinal reinforcement, is a steel bar that is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the concrete member. The longitudinal reinforcement is mainly the stress reinforcement, which mainly bears the pulling force in the component.

腰筋，因为他的位置一般位于梁两侧中间部位而得来的，是梁中部构造钢筋，主要是因为有的梁太高（Hw≥450mm），需要在箍筋中部加条连接筋。它可以防止混凝土收缩和温度变形而产生竖向裂缝，同时加强钢筋骨架的刚度

The waist, because his position is usually located in the middle of the beam, is built in the middle of the beam, mainly because some Liang Taigao (Hw > 450mm), need to add a bar in the middle of the hoop. It can prevent concrete shrinkage and temperature deformation from producing vertical cracks, and at the same time strengthen the rigidity of steel skeleton.

箍筋，是用来满足斜截面抗剪强度，并联结受力主筋和受压区混筋骨架的钢筋。如上图。梁在弯剪区内将受到剪力和弯矩的共同作用，在这个区段内主拉应力迹线是斜向的，将产生斜裂缝，由于箍筋是竖向的，与斜裂缝相交，因而能阻止或者限制斜裂缝的产生、发展！扭矩的作用原理类似。

The stirrups are used to meet the shear strength of diagonal sections and to connect reinforcement bars with main reinforcement and compression skeleton. As above. In the bending shear zone, the beam will be subjected to the joint action of shear and bending moment. In this section, the trace of the main tensile stress is oblique, which will produce oblique cracks. Because the stirrup is vertical and intersects with the inclined crack, it can prevent or restrict the formation and development of the slanted cracks. The principle of torque is similar.

图中可以看到3种钢筋直径大小是不一样的，那具体是多少呢？纵筋14-22mm，箍筋6-12mm，腰筋10-12mm

It can be seen that the diameters of the 3 kinds of reinforcing bars are different. The longitudinal reinforcement 14-22mm, the stirrup 6-12mm, the waist 10-12mm

那么，如果在装修过程中打断了钢筋，会有什么风险呢？

Then, what risks will there be if the steel bar is interrupted during the decoration process?

首先看一下纵筋、腰筋和箍筋三者重要程度排列：

First, look at the three important arrangements of longitudinal reinforcement, waist reinforcement and stirrups:

纵筋＞箍筋＞腰筋

Longitudinal reinforcement > stirrup > waist tendons

钢筋混凝土梁在受弯时，局部受压、局部受拉，混凝土承担压力，钢筋承担拉力，两者相互配合，缺一不可。那么如果在装修过程中打断主梁的纵筋（主筋），横梁承受的拉力就完全由混凝土来承担，那么抗震性能就会大大降低。

Reinforced concrete beams are subjected to partial compression and partial tension when subjected to bending. Concrete bears pressure and steel bars bear tension. So if the longitudinal bar of the main beam (main rib)wushui.75ix.comjiayouguan.89ix.compvcjishui.89ix.comxiezhoubeng.75ix.com xiufu.75ix.com qingyu.75ix.com is interrupted during the decoration process, the tensile force that the beam bears is entirely borne by the concrete, and the seismic performance will be greatly reduced.

钢筋，尤其是纵筋打断的风险性，与楼层高低有关。如果是低层房子打断了主梁纵筋，那么整个建筑的抗震能力将会如何，我们可想而知。

The risk of reinforcement, especially the longitudinal reinforcement, is related to the height of the floor. If it is a low rise house that interrupts the longitudinal reinforcement of the main girder, then the seismic capacity of the whole building will be what we can imagine.

图中所示的红框区域，是纵筋非常重要的受力区域，是绝对不能打断的！当然在实际打孔过程中是不太可能打断上面2个红框位置的纵筋的。具体原因我们下文会提到。

The red box area shown in the picture is a very important area for longitudinal reinforcement. It must not be interrupted. Of course, in the actual drilling process, it is unlikely to interrupt the above 2 red frame position longitudinal reinforcement. The specific reasons are mentioned below.

空调打孔——孔径

Air conditioning - aperture - aperture

在讲横梁结构之前，我们首先了解一个概念：框架梁（框架梁与非框架梁会关系到梁的具体结构）。

Before talking about the beam structure, we first understand a concept: the frame beam (the frame beam and the non frame beam will relate to the concrete structure).

框架梁（KL）是指两端与框架柱（KZ）相连的梁，或者两端与剪力墙相连但跨高比不小于5的梁。上面的梁结构示意图就是框架梁。那么，框架梁在钢筋结构上有什么特点呢？

The frame beam (KL) is the beam connected to the frame column (KZ), or the beam with both ends connected to the shear wall, but the span height ratio is not less than 5. The above beam structure is a frame beam. Then, what are the characteristics of the frame beam on the steel structure?

我们可以看到，整条梁上的箍筋密集度是有区别的。箍筋密集的区域，就是箍筋加密区，而这个加密区的范围是：“抗震等级为一级时，加密区长度为2倍的梁高和500mm取大值，抗震等级为二~四级时，加密区长度为1.5倍的梁高和500mm取大值。”

We can see that there is a difference in the density of the stirrups on the whole beam. The dense zone of stirrup is the stirrup area. The area of the encrypt area is: "when the seismic grade is first class, the length of the encrypted area is 2 times the beam height and the large value of 500mm. When the earthquake resistance grade is two ~ four, the length of the encrypted area is 1.5 times the beam height and the large value."

那有人就会问了：箍筋加密区和非加密区，箍筋间隔到底是多少呢？   在箍筋加密区的箍筋间隔一般是100mm，而在非加密区的箍筋间隔一般是200mm。

Then someone would ask: how much is the spacing between stirrups and non encrypted areas? In stirrups, the spacing of stirrups is generally 100mm, while the spacing of stirrups in non encrypted areas is generally 200mm.

一般来说，次梁的厚度不会超过450mm，所以没有腰筋，而它另外一个特点就是：没有箍筋加密区。整条梁的箍筋间隔一般都是200mm。因此在次梁上穿梁打孔难度就小了很多。

Generally speaking, the thickness of the secondary beam will not exceed 450mm, so there is no waist bar, and its other feature is: no stirrups encrypt area. The stirrup interval of the whole beam is generally 200mm. Therefore, it is much easier to punch holes on the secondary beam.

空调铜管走管，一般是贴梁贴壁铺设，打孔位置一般都在梁根区域（支座附近），所以在打孔过程中要尤其注意对箍筋的探测。

Air conditioning copper pipe walking tube, usually attached to the beam paving the wall, the hole location is generally in the beam root area (near the seat), so in the process of drilling, we should pay special attention to the detection of the stirrup.

综上可得：框架梁孔径建议小于100mm，次梁孔径建议小于200mm。

In summary, the aperture of the frame beam is less than 100mm, and the recommended diameter of the secondary beam is less than 200mm.

空调打孔——孔位

Air conditioning - hole - hole position

我们所见的房屋横梁，是选择上、中、下里的什么位置呢？我们可能听到很多说法：“尽量打中间，不会打到主钢筋！”，“尽量打中间，不会打到主钢筋！”，关于梁下部，大家说法比较一致：不能打！

What position do we see in the upper, middle and lower sides of the house beams? We may hear a lot of comments: "try to hit the middle and not hit the main reinforcement." "As far as possible, hit the middle, do not hit the main reinforcement!" On the lower part of the beam, we all agree that we can not fight!

实际上是不是这样的呢？

In fact, isn't it this?

前文提到过，住宅中的横梁，有些有腰筋，有些没有，当梁厚度超过450mm，就会设置腰筋。但是，梁厚度并不是我们实际看到的梁厚度。

As mentioned earlier, there are some beams in residential buildings, some of which have waist tendons, and some do not. When the beam thickness exceeds 450mm, there will be waist reinforcement. However, the beam thickness is not the beam thickness we actually see.

就如上图所看到的，梁厚度是包括楼板的厚度的，梁与楼板是有部分重合的。这也就是前文提到的“为什么我们一般是不会打到上排主钢筋”的原因。所以，

As shown above, the thickness of the beam is the thickness of the floor, and the beam and floor are partially coincident. This is the reason why we usually do not hit the upper row of main reinforcement. So,